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RFB (“remote framebuffer”) is a simple protocol for remote access to graphical user interfaces. Because it works at the framebuffer level it is applicable to all windowing systems and applications, including X11, Windows and Macintosh. RFB is the protocol used in Virtual Network Computing (VNC).

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A house is a building lived in by people. The word "house" may also refer to a building that shelters animals, such as a lemur, especially in a zoo.

It generally has walls and a roof to shelter its enclosed space from precipitation, wind, heat, cold, and other elements. Domestic pets and "unwanted" animals (such as mice) often live in houses.

The social unit that lives in a house is known as a household. Most commonly, a household is a family unit of some kind, though households can be other social groups, such as single persons, or groups of unrelated individuals. Settled agrarian and industrial societies are composed of household units living permanently in housing of various types, according to a variety of forms of Land tenure. English-speaking people generally call any building they routinely occupy "home". Many people leave their house during the day for work and recreation but typically return to it to sleep or for other activities.


Structure
The developed world in general features three basic types of house that have their own ground-level entry and private open space, and usually on a separately titled parcel of land:

* Single-family detached houses - free-standing on all sides.
* Semi-detached houses (duplexes) - houses that are attached, usually to only one other house via a party wall.
* Terraced house (UK) or row house (also known as a townhouse) (USA) - attached to other houses, possibly in a row, each separated by a party wall.

In addition, there are various forms of attached housing where a number of dwelling units are co-located within the same structure, which share a ground-level entry and may or may not have any private open space, such as apartments or flats of various scales. Another type of housing is moveable, such as houseboats, caravans, and trailer homes.

In the United Kingdom, 27% of the population lived in terraced houses and 32% in semi-detached houses, as of 2002. In the United States in 2000, 61.4% of people lived in detached houses and 5.6% in semi-detached houses, 26% in row houses or apartments, and 7% in mobile homes.

People build "face houses" in one or more faces; though they occur most commonly as a fort or playhouse for a child, this design sometimes serves as a house for adults.
Shape
Archaeologists have a particular interest in house shape: they see the transition over time from round huts to rectangular houses as a significant advance in optimizing the use of space, and associate it with the growth of the idea of a personal area (see personal space).
Function
Some houses transcend the basic functionality of providing "a roof over one's head" or of serving as a family "hearth and home". When a house becomes a display-case for wealth and/or fashion and/or conspicuous consumption, we may speak of a "great house". The residence of a feudal lord or of a ruler may require defensive structures and thus turn into a fort or a castle. The house of a monarch may come to house courtiers and officers as well as the royal family: this sort of house may become a palace. Moreover, in time the lord or monarch may wish to retreat to a more personal or simple space such as a villa, a hunting lodge or a dacha. Compare the popularity of the holiday house or cottage, also known as a crib.

In contrast to a relatively upper class or modern trend to ownership of multiple houses, much of human history shows the importance of multi-purpose houses. Thus the house long served as the traditional place of work (the original cottage industry site or "in-house" small-scale manufacturing workshop) or of commerce (featuring, for example, a ground floor "shop-front" shop or counter or office, with living space above). During the Industrial Revolution there was a separation of manufacturing and banking from the house, though to this day some shopkeepers continue (or have returned) to live "over the shop".
Inside the house
Parts
Enlarge picture
Floor plan of a typical "foursquare" house


Many houses have several rooms with specialized functions. These may include a living/eating area, a sleeping area, and (if suitable facilities and services exist) washing and lavatory areas. In traditional agriculture-oriented societies, domestic animals such as chickens or larger livestock (like cattle) often share part of the house with human beings. Most conventional modern houses will at least contain a bedroom, bathroom, kitchen (or kitchen area), and a living room. A typical "foursquare house" (as pictured) occurred commonly in the early history of the United States of America, with a staircase in the centre of the house, surrounded by four rooms, and connected to other sections of the house (including in more recent eras a garage).


The names of parts of a house often echo the names of parts of other buildings, but could typically include:

* atrium
* attic
* alcove
* basement / cellar
* bathroom (in various senses of the word)

* bath / shower

* toilet

* bedroom (or nursery, for infants or small children)
* conservatory
* family room

*Fireplace (for warmth during winter; generally not found in warmer climates)

* foyer
* front room (in various senses of the phrase)
* garage
* hallway/passage
* hearth - often an important symbolic focus of family togetherness



* kitchen
* larder
* laundry room
* library
* living room or den
* lounge
* office or study
* pantry
* parlour
* recreation room / rumpus room / television room
* shrines to serve the religious functions associated with a family
* stairwell
* sunroom
* storage room
* workshop
Layout
Ideally, architects of houses design rooms to meet the needs of the people who will live in the house. Such designing, known as "interior design", has become a popular subject in universities. Feng shui, originally a Chinese method of situating houses according to such factors as sunlight and micro-climates, has recently expanded its scope to address the design of interior spaces with a view to promoting harmonious effects on the people living inside the house. Feng shui can also mean the 'aura' in or around a dwelling. Compare the real-estate sales concept of "indoor-outdoor flow".

The square footage of a house in the United States reports the area of "living space", excluding the garage and other non-living spaces. The "square meters" figure of a house in Europe reports the area of the walls enclosing the home, and thus includes any attached garage and non-living spaces.
Construction
Modern house-construction techniques include light-frame construction (in areas with access to supplies of wood) and adobe or sometimes rammed-earth construction (in arid regions with scarce wood-resources). Some areas use brick almost exclusively, and quarried stone has long provided walling. To some extent, aluminum and steel have displaced some traditional building materials. Increasingly popular alternative construction materials include insulating concrete forms (foam forms filled with concrete), structural insulated panels (foam panels faced with oriented strand board or fiber cement), and light-gauge steel framing and heavy-gauge steel framing.

More generally, people often build houses out of the nearest available material, and often tradition and/or culture govern construction-materials, so whole towns, areas, counties or even states/countries may be built out of one main type of material. For example, a large fraction of American houses use wood, while most British and many European houses utilize stone or brick.

Some house designers have begun to collaborate with structural engineers who use computers and finite element analysis to design prefabricated steel-framed homes with known resistance to high wind-loads and seismic forces. These newer products provide labour savings, more consistent quality, and possibly accelerated construction processes.

Lesser-used construction methods have gained (or regained) popularity in recent years. Though not in wide use, these methods frequently appeal to homeowners who may become actively involved in the construction process. They include:

* Cannabrick construction
* cordwood construction
* straw-bale construction
* geodesic domes
* wattle and daub
* moladi

Enlarge picture
Thermographic comparison of traditional and 'passivhaus' buildings
Energy-efficiency
In the developed world, energy-conservation has grown in importance in house-design. Housing produces a major proportion of carbon emissions (30% of the total in the UK, for example).

Development of a number of types and techniques continues. They include the zero-energy house, the passive solar house, and houses built to the Passivhaus standard.
Legal issues
A bizarre feature of UK law is that new houses are not covered by the Sale of Goods Act. When purchasing a new house the buyer has less legal protection than when buying a new car. New houses in the UK may be covered by a NHBC guarantee but some people feel that it would be more useful to put new houses on the same legal footing as other products. In the US, many new houses are built in housing tracts, which provide homeowners a sense of "belonging" and the feeling they have "made the best use" of their money. However, these houses are often built as cheaply and quickly as possible by large builders seeking to maximize profits. Many environmental health issues are ignored or minimized in the construction of these structures. In one case in Benicia, California, a housing tract was built over an old landfill. Homebuyers were never told, and only found out when some began having reactions to high levels of lead and chromium.
Identifying houses
With the growth of dense settlement, humans designed ways of identifying houses and/or parcels of land. Individual houses sometimes acquire proper names; and those names may acquire in their turn considerable emotional connotations: see for example the house of Howards End or the castle of Brideshead Revisited. A more systematic and general approach to identifying houses may use various methods of house numbering.
Animal houses
Humans often build "houses" for domestic or wild animals, often resembling smaller versions of human domiciles. Familiar animal houses built by humans include bird-houses, hen-houses/chicken-coops and doghouses (kennels); while housed agricultural animals more often live in barns and stables. However, human interest in building houses for animals does not stop at the domestic pet. People build bat-houses, nesting-sites for wild ducks and other birds, as well as for many other animals.
Shelter
Forms of (relatively) simple shelter may include:

* Bus stop
* Cabin
* Camper
* Chalet
* Cottage
* dugout
* Gazebo
* Hangar
* Houseboat
* hut
* Lean-to
* Shack
* Tent (see also camp)
* yaodong
* Caravan
* Umbrella

Houses and symbolism
Houses may express the circumstances or opinions of their builders or their inhabitants. Thus a vast and elaborate house may serve as a sign of conspicuous wealth, whereas a low-profile house built of recycled materials may indicate support of energy conservation.

Houses of particular historical significance (former residences of the famous, for example, or even just very old houses) may gain a protected status in town planning as examples of built heritage and/or of streetscape values. Plaques may mark such structures.

House-ownership (home-ownership) provides a common measure of prosperity in economics. Contrast the importance of house-destruction, tent dwelling and house rebuilding in the wake of many natural disasters.

Peter Olshavsky’s House for the Dance of Death provides a 'pataphysical variation on the house.
Heraldry
The house occurs as a rare charge in heraldry.

* Arlington House (the Custis-Lee Mansion): the home of Robert E. Lee, the grounds of which became Arlington National Cemetery.
* Belcourt Castle: the summer mansion of Oliver Belmont, American Rothschild banking heir.
* Belmont Mansion: home of William Peters in Philadelphia
* Biltmore Estate: the largest private home in the United States, built by George Vanderbilt. It is located outside Asheville, North Carolina.
* The Breakers: Newport, one of the most ambitious residences of the Gilded Age and an architectural landmark.
* Boldt Castle: legendary island estate, one of America's largest private residences.
* Cà d'Zan: Ringling mansion, Sarasota, Florida
* Camp Pine Knot: the earliest of the Great Camps of the Adirondacks, a National Historic Landmark
* Dark Island: fantasy castle by Ernest Flagg "(Singer Castle").
* Eames House: the residence of Charles and Ray Eames
* Elephant House: the house of Edward Gorey, artist, writer, illustrator, playwright, and puppeteer
* Fallingwater: a Frank Lloyd Wright designed house in Bear Run, Pennsylvania
* The Frick Collection: former residence of steel magnate Henry Clay Frick, adjacent Central Park in Manhattan, New York City
* Gamble House: the residence of David Gamble (of Procter & Gamble) in Pasadena, California built by Greene & Greene
* Glessner House: Chicago, H. H. Richardson, architect.
* Gracie Mansion: official residence of New York City's mayor
* Grange Estate: Haverford, Pennsylvania, built in 1700, home of patriot John Ross
* Hearst Castle: the grand mansion of publisher William Randolph Hearst at San Simeon, California
* House of Seven Gables: home of author Nathaniel Hawthorne in Salem, Massachusetts
* Hull House: Jane Addams' settlement house for immigrants and the poor in Chicago, Illinois
* Lovell House by Richard Neutra
* Lower East Side Tenement Museum, a six-story brick tenement building that was home to an estimated 7,000 people, from over 20 nations, between 1863 and 1935, in New York City
* Margaret Mitchell House and Museum: the house where Margaret Mitchell wrote Gone with the Wind
* Molly Brown House: home of Unsinkable Molly Brown, the famous RMS Titanic survivor in Denver, Colorado
* Monticello: the personal house of Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States
* Moore House
* Mount Vernon: the residence of President George Washington in Alexandria, Virginia
* Neverland Ranch, the home of musician Michael Jackson, in Santa Barbara County, California
* The Playboy Mansion: magazine publisher Hugh Hefner's mansion
* Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
* Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum, Baltimore, Maryland
* Rose Hill: a restored Greek Revival mansion, a National Historic Landmark on Seneca Lake near Geneva, New York.
* Sagamore Camp: one of the Great Camps of the Adirondacks, a National Historic Landmark.
* Santanoni Preserve: one of the Great Camps of the Adirondacks, a National Historic Landmark.
* Ira C. & Charles S. Van Noy Houses: Kansas City, MO, residences of Ira Clinton and Charles S. Van Noy, members of the Van Noy Brothers of Kansas City and co-founders of HMSHost (formerly, the Van Noy Railway News and Hotel Company).
* Villa Vizcaya: John Deering mansion, Miami, Florida
* Von Sternberg House
* The White House: Residence of the President of the USA
* Winchester Mystery House: The haunted mansion of Winchester Rifle heiress, Sarah Winchester
* Wrigley Mansion: former home of William Wrigley, Jr., of the famous chewing gum company, now headquarters of the Tournament of Roses Association in Pasadena, California

A mansion is a large dwelling house typically built for the wealthy. The word itself derives (through Old French) from the Latin word mansus the perfect passive participle of manere "to remain" or "to stay". In the Roman Empire, a mansio was an official stopping place on a Roman road, or via, where cities sprang up, and where the villas of provincial officials came to be placed. The Scots word "manse" originally defined a property large enough for the Minister of the parish to maintain himself, but a mansion is no longer self-sustaining in this way (compare a Roman or medieval villa). 'Manor' comes from the same root — territorial holdings granted to a lord who would remain there — hence it can be seen how the word 'Mansion' came to have its meaning.
History
The "country house," as it is known in English speaking places, is a distinct species of mansion.

In the past it was fashionable for the elite society of Europe to pursue the social circuit from country home to country home, with intervals at town homes, so unfortied country houses supplanted castles and the modern mansion began to evolve.
Enlarge picture
The Breakers, in Newport, Rhode Island, is one of the most famous 19th century mansions in the United States.


It was in the 16th century that mansions really began to be built in a completely unfortified and gracious style, with gardens, parks, and drives. This was the era of Renaissance architecture. Hatfield House is a superb example of a house built during the transition period in England. In Italy, classic villas such as Villa Farnese and Villa Giulia were typical, albeit individually diverse forms, of the new style of mansion.

The uses of these edifices paralleled that of the Roman mansions. It was vital for powerful people and families to keep in social contact with each other as they were the primary moulders of society. The rounds of visits and entertainments were an essential part of the societal process, as painted in the novels of Jane Austen. State business was often discussed and determined in informal settings. Times of revolution reversed this value. During its revolution, France lost a large part of its country homes to incendiary committees, who destroyed the estates as a reaction to/rejection of the ancien régime.

Until World War II it was not unusual for a moderately sized mansion in England such as Cliveden to have an indoor staff of 20 and an outside staff of the same size, and in ducal mansions such as Chatsworth House the numbers could be far higher. In the great houses of Italy, the number of retainers was often even greater than in England; whole families plus extended relations would often inhabit warrens of rooms in basements and attics. It is doubtful that a 19th century Marchesa would even know the exact number of individuals who served her. Most European mansions also were the hub of vast estates. A true estate (the mediaeval villa, French ville) always contains at least one complete village and its church. Large estates such as that of Woburn Abbey have several villages attached.
Enlarge picture
Montacute House, near Yeovil, Somerset. Built 1598
Nineteenth century development
The 19th century saw particularly in the United Kingdom a new type of mansion being built, often smaller than the older European mansions, but in their own way just as beautiful, The Breakers in Rhode Island is a fine example, as is the nearby, but completely different, Watts Sherman House.

Fifth Avenue in New York at this time was lined with numerous mansions, designed by the leading architects of the day, many in European gothic styles, built by the many families who were making their fortunes, and thus achieving their social aspirations, in the mid 19th century. However, nearly all of these have now been demolished, thus depriving New York of a boulevard to rival, in the architectural sense, any in Paris, London or Rome—where the many large mansions and palazzos built or remodeled during this era still survive. Mansions built in the countryside were not spared either. One of the most spectacular estates of the U.S. Whitemarsh Hall was demolished in 1980, along with its extensive gardens, to make way for suburban developments.

Even in Europe some 19th-century mansions were often built as replicas of older houses, the Chateau de Ferrières in France was inspired by Mentmore Towers which in turn is a copy of Wollaton Hall. Other mansions were built in the new and innovative styles of the new era such as the arts and crafts style: The Breakers is a pastiche of an Italian Renaissance Palazzo; Waddesdon Manor in Buckinghamshire is a faithful mixture of various French chateaux. One of the most enduring and most frequently copied styles for a mansion is the palladian - particularly so in the 18th century. However, the gothic style was probably the most popular choice of design in the 19th century. The most bizarre example of this was probably Fonthill Abbey which actually set out to imitate the mansions which had truly evolved from mediaeval gothic abbeys following the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century.

Mansions built during and after the 19th century seldom were supported by the large estates of their predecessors. These new mansions were often built as the week-end retreats of businessmen who commuted to their offices by the new railways, which enabled them to leave the city more easily. Before this era most owners of mansions were the old aristocracy.
Latin America
Enlarge picture
Estancia in Uruguay around 1880, inspired by rural estate architecture of Southern Italy / Southern Spain
In Latin America, with its feudal colonial and post-colonial past, the grand rural estate, the Hacienda, Estancia, in Portuguese speaking Brazil Fazenda or Estancia, with the mansion as its stately center, is a characteristic feature.

Naturally mansions followed European architectural styles. Whereas until the second half of the 19th century Portugal and Spain as the colonial (or former colonial) powers were the eminent models for architecture and upperclass lifestyle, towards the end of the 19th century they were sometimes replaced by then more dominant powers like France or England.

In comparably developed, densely populated countries like Mexico, feudal estates and their mansions were as grand and stately as in the Mediterranean old world, whereas where estates were founded in the sparsely populated remote areas like the Pampa of Argentina or Uruguay, where iron pillars, doors, windows, furniture had to be brought from Europe by ship and afterwards oxcart, buildings were smaller, but normally still aspiring to evoke a stately impression, often featuring the Mirador (the lookout or tower, see also Belvedere)
The "modern" mansion
Mansions built during the last and present centuries usually have specially designed rooms meant to accommodate leisure activities of a particular kind. Many will have a music conservatory or greenhouse, while others will have an indoor or outdoor swimming pool or an Arts and crafts room. Others will have all of these features. The relative importance of these specially designed rooms changes with the times: At the beginning of the 20th century no true mansion would have been built without a large room to house a private library, while at the beginning of the 21st century the presence of a big room designed for a home theatre or cinema is a must. Most recently, mansions have been built with integrated domotics.

A McMansion (a term that originated in North America in the 1980s) is often a speculatively-built, suburban house that incorporates numerous upscale design features on a floor plan of 2000 to 5000 square feet. They are typically built from standard plans with some cosmetic detailing and design changes available to the buyer. In contrast, a "real" mansion is normally designed by an architect to the exact needs of the clients, is significantly larger (typically, a minimum of 7,000 square feet), and contains many more features and creature comforts.

The costly time spent by an experienced architect is a better indicator of the lasting status of a mansion than the number of its rooms, its total size, or its special amenities. The homes and mansions designed by the late Richard Neutra and Quinlan Terry are good examples of modern designs which have been nearly perfectly tailored to fit a particular customer.

A modern mansion today may not necessarily be limited to a single house standing alone. Compounds, or a grouping of larger houses have become more popular. The Kennedy Compound is an example of one family building surrounded by large houses on a single plot.
 

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horizontal rule

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With the rising popularity of commercial MMORPG games came the desire from ardent players of these games to run their own servers beside the ones run by the game's creator. Since the original server software is not usually available, the behavior of the server has to be re-engineered. This can be done by analyzing the data stream with the original server, or by disassembling and analyzing the client which is available.

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